Definition and Examples of Singapore English

Singapore English is a  dialect of the English language that is used in the Republic of Singapore, a lingua franca influenced by Chinese and Malay. Also called  Singaporean English. Educated speakers of Singapore English generally distinguish this variety of the language from Singlish (also known as Singapore Colloquial English). According to  Dr. Danica Salazar, world English editor at the Oxford English Dictionary, Singapore English is not the same as Singlish. While the former is a variant of English, Singlish is a language on its own with a different grammatical structure. It is also used mostly orally (reported in the Malay Mail Online, May 18, 2016).   See Examples and Observations below. Also see: AcrolectFiller WordsNew EnglishesNotes on English as a Global LanguageNull SubjectSemantic ChangeWorld English Examples and Observations It appears that a distinct brand of Singapore English is emerging, common to all the ethnic groups living in the country and quite unlike the varieties of English found in most other parts of the world, though it is true that many of its features are shared with the English spoken in Malaysia. It seems likely that the main difference between the English of the various ethnic groups in Singapore lies in the intonation (Lim 2000), though the precise details of the intonation of the different groups have yet to be established. . . .It is quite possible to sound Singaporean but still be easily understood in the rest of the world, and it seems that a mature variety of educated Singapore English is indeed emerging.(David Deterding, Singapore English. Edinburgh University Press, 2007)The Speak Good English CampaignIn Singapore, its time for another official crusade--and this past month its been the Speak Good English campaign, aimed at counteracting the spread of Singlish, a local patois in cluding many Hokkien and Malay words and constructions, particularly as its increasingly heard among new university entrants.Prime minister Lee Hsien Loong complains that the lingo is making too many young folk in the city-state unintelligible . . . at a time when the country is pulling out the stops to integrate itself with the English-speaking global economy.(Rage Against the Machine. The Guardian [UK], June 27, 2005)Standard English or Singlish?An opinion piece on Singlish in the New York Times (NYT) makes light of the Singapore Government’s efforts to promote the mastery of standard English by Singaporeans, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong’s press secretary wrote.In a  letter published in the newspaper  on Monday (May 23 [2016]), Ms. Chang Li Lin said the Government has a serious reason for its policy on standard English.Standard English is vital for Singaporeans to earn a living and be understood not just by other Singaporeans but also English speakers everywher e, she said.Singaporean poet and literary critic Gwee Li Sui wrote in the NYT piece, published on May 13, that years of state efforts to quash Singlish have only made it flourish.The more the state pushed its purist bilingual policy, the more the territory’s languages met and mingled in Singlish. Through playful, day-to-day conversations, the unofficial composite quickly became a formidable cultural phenomenon, he said.Calling the Government’s war on Singlish doomed from the start, Mr. Gwee said even politicians and officials are now using it.Finally grasping that this language is irrepressible, our leaders have begun to use it publicly in recent years, often in strategic attempts to connect with the masses, he wrote.In her rebuttal letter, Ms. Chang said using Singlish makes it harder for most Singaporeans to master the English language.(NYT Op-ed on Singlish Makes Light of Efforts to Promote Standard English. Channel NewsAsia, May 24, 2016)Characteristics of Singlish Two dollar onny, dis one, a street vendor might say to you in Singapore. A local  might reply, Wah! So espensive one, cannot  leh.While this might sound like broken English, it is an example of Singlish,  the highly complicated English creole spoken in Singapore. Its  staccato, off-grammar patois is the subject of  much bemusement for visitors  to the country, and its almost impossible for outsiders to imitate. . . .Singlish comes from the mixing of Singapores four official languages: English, Mandarin, Malay, and Tamil. . . .The grammar of Singaporean English began to mirror the grammar of these languages. For example, a modern-day Singaporean could say I go bus-stop wait for you, to mean that he will wait for you at the bus stop. This phrase could be translated into either Malay or Chinese without having to change the grammatical structure of the sentence. . . .Words from the other languages became appropriated into the creole as well, creating an entire Singlish lexic on that  is used today. The word ang moh, for example, is a Hokkien word which literally translates to red hair, but is used in Singlish to describe people of Caucasian descent. The Malay word makan is commonly used to mean food, or the act of eating. The Tamil word goondu, which means fat in its original language, is used in Singlish to describe a person who is not very smart. . . .In formal settings, . . . Singlish tends to be toned down to its acrolectal form: Singlish words and grammatical structures are eliminated, and only the accent remains. In the day-to-day, however, a more colloquial form of Singlish is used.(Urvija Banerji, Singaporean English Is Almost Impossible to Pick Up.  Atlas Obscura, May 2, 2016)Kiasu[K]iasu is a noun and adjective from the Chinese Hokkien dialect, meaning extreme fear of losing, or of being second best. Its a notion the neurotically ambitious Singaporean and Malaysian professional middle classes regard as so self-defining that their sitcom ch aracter Mr Kiasu is a similar emblem of endearingly gruesome national character as Mr Brent is to us.Having made its way to the Singapore-English hybrid tongue called Singlish, kiasu completed its trek across the etymological world in March [2007] when the Oxford English Dictionary included it on its quarterly list of new words.(Matthew Norman, Kiasu, London W2. The Guardian, June 2, 2007)

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy The Future Of Treating...

Beating the Blues and Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy: The Future of Treating Depression? Cognitive behavioral therapy is based off the theory that depression is caused by a pattern of negative thinking that may be triggered by upsetting situations (Comer, 2013). This pattern forms maladaptive attitudes, which cause individuals to constantly view themselves, their world, and their future in negative ways (Comer, 2013). Cognitive behavioral therapy is designed to help clients recognize and change their negative thoughts in an attempt to improve their mood (Comer, 2013). This approach also uses behavioral techniques to encourage patients to become more active and try out new behaviors (Comer, 2013). Cognitive behavioral therapy is†¦show more content†¦It is available on the Internet and requires an account to be made in order to gain access to the program. Beating the Blues consists of a 15 min introductory video and eight 50-minute sessions of interactive multimedia therapy to be done weekly (Barazzone, Cavanagh, Richards, 2012). Clients are encouraged to set goa ls for their time in therapy (Barazzone, Cavanagh, Richards, 2012). At each session, the program requires the patient to record his/her progress and provides individualized homework assignments to be completed between sessions (Barazzone, Cavanagh, Richards, 2012). Cognitive behavioral therapy is catered through case studies, exercises, quizzes, interactive games, character examples, and homework assignments (Barazzone, Cavanagh, Richards, 2012). Beating the Blues encourages patients to put into practice what they learn each session (Barazzone, Cavanagh, Richards, 2012). Weekly emails are sent to each client to offer positive feedback for work done so far, to provide homework reminders, to give an overview of what will be learned in the next session, and to encourage continuation of the program (Barazzone, Cavanagh, Richards, 2012). Beating the Blues has been shown to be effective in large randomized trials (Cavanagh et al., 2006). A study was done to examine if Beating the Blues could also be found effective in a naturalistic non-randomized trial. The study recruited

Extempore Speaking Free Essays

Important Topics for extempore speaking (in MBA admission process) Why you should be selected? Focus on what strengths you bring to the table. These should be consistent with the four things most Institutes are looking for in students during the admission selection: competence, adaptability, enthusiasm, and never say die attitude. Remember, they are looking for chemistry between you and your future employer. We will write a custom essay sample on Extempore Speaking or any similar topic only for you Order Now Be prepared to summarize in short time why you are the best candidate for the seat. Also, let the institute know you want the admission and you will enjoy being with them. A lack of interest in the program may indicate a lack of enthusiasm for the institute as well as your future. Now that you’ve had a chance to learn more about us, what would you change about our institute? Be careful here. Most institutes don’t want you to come in and shake up the place. At the same time, they don’t want someone who says, â€Å"Nothing, everything looks great here. † Seek a middle ground by focusing on one or two non-threatening issues that may have come up in your discussions. For example, From our discussion of the problem with slow placement due to economic downturn, I think we should look into the possibility of giving more practical knowledge and exposure to the students. It will make the students more employment ready. I also think, we need to do a thorough analysis of what the companies are expecting out of the students and try to fill the gap existing between the expectations and reality. † Such an answer indicates you are op en to making changes but you also have a certain non-threatening decision-making style. Your response should sound sensible and innovative. What’s your dream job? This is your ideal chance to sell your aptitudes that fit the job description you would be offered after completing the program. Show an interest in finding new ways of using the skills you will acquire during the course period and also that you can be put to use in new roles with additional responsibilities. â€Å"My dream job would include the execution of all of the theoretical and practical knowledge I will gain from the program. Also, all the responsibilities and duties in the position of a manager will be handed over to me in my dream job. I also thrive in a fast-changing environment where there’s business growth. Your plans include attracting international placement during the next year, and this would satisfy one of my ultimate goals of being involved in an international corporation. † What color is your brain? Be aware that you’ll probably be asked to speak on such topic. The point is not to stump you, but to find out what makes you tick. When the standard extempore topics are presented, people are prepared and it’s harder for the recruiter to get to know the real person. An MBA admission panel, for example, tries to avoid repeated topics. But, different and conventional topic like the one above has no right or wrong answer. In fact, the panel won’t even really care what your answer is. He or she just doesn’t want to hear something like, â€Å"I don’t know, I guess it’s blue because that’s the way I imagine it. † The point is to see how creative you are and how you think. Be sure to explain why you answered the way you did. â€Å"My brain is red because I’m always hot. I’m always on fire with new plans and ideas. † Consider the following scenario: You are placed in a company after completion of your program. One evening you are working late and are the last person in the office. You answer an urgent telephone call to your supervisor from a sales rep who’s currently meeting with a potential client. The sales rep needs an answer to a question to close the sale. Tomorrow will be too late. You have the expertise to answer the question, but it’s beyond your normal level of authority. How do you respond? This response shows that the candidate is confident in his or her ability and can be counted on in an emergency. Similarly, your answer should indicate that you’re not afraid to be the decision maker in a tough situation, even if the situation’s beyond your normal level of authority. I’d get all the pertinent information, taking well-documented notes. I’d answer the question based on my knowledge and the information provided. I’d leave my supervisor a note and fill him or her in on the details the next morning. I’d be sure to explain my decision, as well as the thought process behind it. † â€Å"What i s change management? † Such type of question is asked, generally to check your coping mechanisms for responding to changes. It tests how systematic your approach could be in dealing with change, both from the perspective of an organization and on the individual level. A somewhat ambiguous term, change management has at least three different aspects, including: adapting to change, controlling change, and effecting change. A proactive approach to dealing with change is at the core of all three aspects. The response could be â€Å"Change management is a term used to refer to the introduction of new processes in an organisation, or the management of people who are experiencing change. Successful adaptation to change is as crucial within an organization and the individuals in them inevitably encounter changing conditions as they are powerless to control. The more effectively one deals with change, the more likely he or she thrives. Adaptation might involve establishing a structured methodology for responding to changes in the business environment. † Online learning In today’s world, many adults find themselves unsatisfied with their college and institution and wish for something more but demands on their time and schedule make this seem impossible. The good news is that the Internet has many online learning opportunities available that allows one to gain a higher education, learn new skills, and become more marketable. And the great thing about the benefits of online learning and online education is that one can get an education according to their own schedule and can do it from the comfort of their own home. In fact, thousands of working professionals have been able to increase their knowledge and jobs skills without ever having to enter a classroom, thanks to online classes. By asking you to speak on this topic, the panel might check your understanding on technology and current trends. Your response towards online learning could be favorable or unfavorable, but don’t be indifferent towards this topic as this shows that you have no idea about the latest revolutions. Your response could be, â€Å"Online Learning could be considered as learning in the virtual classroom. While there are indeed many solid career opportunities available today, the market place is extremely competitive, making higher education that much more vital to successfully landing the job of one’s own dreams. But one of the leading concerns for students, as well as working class, is to consider entering the world of expensive education. Fortunately, there are plenty of distance learning courses that make it possible for willing students to learn from the comfort of their own home without having to worry about many other expenses like commutation expenses, lodging and boarding expenses, etc. Plus, these distance learning programs have been gaining a good degree of credibility throughout the professional world, so one can be confident of receiving an education that will be acknowledged by major companies. † Are MBA Salaries Still on the Rise? These questions help the panel in understanding ‘what is your actual aim- Knowledge or mere Money? If you crave for mere Money, i. e. you are driven by the high salary hype, you will not be considered a good candidate as money minded people generally don’t concentrate on effectiveness and quality. But if you are truly driven by your inner force of learning, you will certainly get that chance by securing a seat in your desired college. Your response to this ques tion could be, â€Å"This depends on the situation of the individual student and other factor such as, the type of industry they are in, the company for which they are employed, and the prior skills they bring with them into the workforce. Attending an MBA school still has the potential to raise your value and increase your personal bottom line, but it is not a guarantee. However, the economy has already begun to turn around, and many financial organizations are posting large profits again and have begun to recruit MBA graduates for a variety of positions. MBA holders work in a variety of positions, including financial controllers, senior financial analysts, project managers, marketing directors, and of course as CFOs and CEOs. Salaries for these elite positions can be much higher than mid-level jobs. How has the Economic downturn changed the Outlook for MBA’s? This topic again will introduce your actual thoughts to the panel. In reality, the economic downturn has actually changed the outlook for MBA’s. Those who were sheer driven by the money behind MBA degree have taken a U-Turn and made way for those who are in real wanted to pursue this course for making an established career. This topic can earn you a definite seat in you dream college. So your response could be positive like, â€Å"It is still as good a time as any to earn an MBA. In fact, as the economy begins to turn around – and all indications point to that process already beginning – more opportunities for management specialists will be available. Most companies were forced to decrease their staffs using steps such as early retirement and lay-offs in order to survive the economic downturn. As the economy begins to swing upward, these companies will be seeking managers that are not only experienced, but are also knowledgeable about the many legal changes that have been instituted uring the crisis. This means if one undergoes earning an MBA today, he or she will likely be taught the legal changes as they are implemented. The goal of the MBA is to provide the company with the experience and knowledge that will put oneself in high demand in corporate world. MBA programs around the world are adapting their curriculums to reflect the changes made in today’s business world. An MBA will strive to provide the company with a better understandin g of the new economy. † How to cite Extempore Speaking, Papers

Galanz Case Study free essay sample

Post these responses directly in your private student journal. Your assignment is due Wednesday, April   10th. Then a forum will open for each of these assignment questions. Please write two-to-three paragraphs per question. 1. What are Galanzs competitive and operations strategies? Considering the expertise of international players like Panasonic and Toshiba, Galanz didnt really have a competitive advantage with respect to technology. Cost arbitrage (of land and labor) was the chief competitive strategy employed by Galanz to capture the Chinese microwave market. Galanz conjured up mutually beneficial deals with its clients to achieve rapid expansion of production capacity by arranging for production line transfers, process and quality enhancements. Also, the non-stop production by Galanz could not be matched by any other competitor. Thus, Galanz achieved domestic microwave market dominance by employing a dirt cheap pricing strategy which was attractive to the cost sensitive Chinese market and expanding its production capacity to exceed the market demand. However, these strategies alone could not satiate the requirements of the overseas market. Due to the risks involved in launching a Chinese product in the international market, Galanz entered the overseas market as an OEM supplier. Collaboration with large retailers such as K-mart and Wal-mart facilitated the successful entry of Galanz in the international market. The low cost, high production was maintained by Galanz through cheap labor and large production ability. The popularity of this Chinese brand rose in the overseas market due to its consistent efforts in maintaining low cost and high supply. The success of the international OEM brand gave Galanz the leeway it required to start thinking about overseas brand building. Galanz started off its OBM venture by introducing Galanz branded microwaves to its OEM customers. Galanz further pushed its efforts in gaining worldwide recognition by investing in a dedicated RD facility to match international competitors. The supply was matched with the demand through outsourcing of magnetron manufacture, and subsequently, with development of independent magnetrons. Thus, after the superlative domestic success, Galanz focused on building a world brand by maintaining its low cost, abundant supply and stressed on important aspects such as customer relation management and after sales support. . How does Galanzs operations strategy support its competitive strategy? Initially as a market entrant, Galanz focused on a low cost strategy to gain leverage in the domestic market. This strategy was supported by an abundance of cheap land and labor. The expensive microwaves produced by players like Toshiba and LG were unaffordable for majority of the Chinese population and henc e, Galanz became popular right from its inception. The rapidly increasing demand, which rose to almost 25 million units in 2003, for these low-cost microwaves prompted Galanz to expand its production capabilities. Galanz, facing shortage in production, decided to outsource magnetron production to Japan for the production deficit that it faced. Furthermore, deals with customers like Fillony to transfer entire production lines made sure that the ever growing demand for the ovens was met successfully. The perennial working shifts for the production team ensured that production scale and costs of Galanz was unmatched anywhere in the entire market. Galanzs strategy of a price war worked in its favor as competitors like LG and Panasonic went out of business in the domestic market and hence, left. Later, Galanz entered the international market as an OEM product with a similar low-cost strategy. The operations strategy had to be revised due to the large demand and thus, due to shortage of magnetrons and retrenchment by suppliers, Galanz decided to set-up an RD facility to turn into an ODM produce magnetrons independently. This strategy worked wonders for them since their production capacity boosted, to 44,000 units per day in 2003, and costs went down considerably. The drive to establish firm ground in the overseas market was evident in the self-sufficiency that Galanz was achieving in production. The rapid innovation by improving existing processes by introducing LCD touch-pads and other aesthetic renovations further increased the popularity of their products in the international arena. Subsequently, Galanz decided to introduce Galanz branded (OBM) microwaves in overseas stores along with its traditional OEM supplies. This was a very critical move as it requires multiple changes in its production such as customized products to cater a large international audience, after sales service and strong customer relationship management. Thus, to meet this demand, Galanz started a small scale production of customized products as opposed to its traditional approach of producing a standard product on a large scale. Also, the company had to invest heavily in enhancing its customer service capabilities so that it could build a loyal customer base and change the mindset of the international audience with regards to Chinese products. 3. What are the differences between OEM/ODM versus OBM in terms of production, design,  marketing, distribution and customer service? A company is termed OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) when it manufactures a product which is comprised of components made by the manufacturer of the product or a third party vendor, and then sells it to a customer who in turn brands it with a different name. Here, the production is taken care of by a different company and the brand name is decided by the customer who purchases it. For instance, when Galanz manufactures a microwave oven, it acquires the magnetron from Toshiba and then sells off the final product to Wal-Mart. Subsequently, Wal-Mart brands this oven with its own brand name and sells it in the market. Here, the marketing, distribution and customer service is taken care of by Wal-Mart, not by Galanz. A company is termed ODM (Original Design Manufacturer) when it manufactures a component specified by another company but owns the technology to manufacture it. For instance, Toshiba is an ODM when it produces magnetrons according to Galanz’s specification. ODM’s are in charge of production of components based on customer requirements and owns the design for the same. A company is termed OBM (Original Brand Manufacturer) when it sells the final product as with its own brand name. The product components maybe manufactured in house, or bought from an ODM. For instance, when Dell assembles a laptop, it specifies the processing requirements to Intel (ODM) and then sells it under the brand name ‘Dell’. An OBM has to take care of marketing, distribution and customer service.

Against Death Penalty Essay free essay sample

The death penalty should be used less because of the murder rates are slowly dropping, Prejudice against the defendants, and the costs of the death sentence. A reason to stop the death sentencing is because the murder rates are slowly declining. In the west region of the United States the murder rate was 5. 6 murders in 2006 then dropped to 5. 3 murders in 2007. In the Northeast region of the United States the murder rates were 4. 5 murders per every 1000,000 in 2006 and dropped to 4. 1 per 100,000 in 2007. The Murder rates are slowly dropping meaning a decreased need for the death penalty. Another reason for not using the death penalty is because of prejudice from the jury and possible the judge. The death penalty shouldn’t be used because the jury and the judge could be prejudiced against the defendant and give an unfair verdict. Many people have been accused and given a death sentence when it was found out that they were innocent years later. We will write a custom essay sample on Against Death Penalty Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Giving a second chance to a criminal can mean a lot to them. They can think about what sins they have commited and are given time in a solitary confinement to straighten their path and minds. Also, Professor Brooke Butler of University of South Florida released a study showing that jurors were more inclined to the death penalty for women, homosexuals, and people of different races. Another study by Professor Scott Phillips of the University of Denver showed that the District Attorney was more likely to impose the death sentence upon black defendants than on white defendants. The death penalty is a huge decision in a court case, having a prejudice against the defendant could have very serious consequences on the defendants. While the death sentence is a very important, it is also a very expensive decision. The cost of a single execution could never be close to be compared to a regular court case. A study from the University of North Carolina showed that a capital case could be 200,000 more dollars than a non-capital case. Studies of the American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California stated that the costs from all of the expenses could cost up to 1,000,000 dollars just to perfectly complete a capital punishment. These factors are very important in deciding to charge the defendant with the death penalty. The death sentence is a very important decision and could also over turn a sentence because of these factors. Every man/ and or woman should deserve a second chance to set a new righteous path. The murder rates are slowly dropping all over the country. There could be prejudice in the jury which could cause a shift in the verdict unfairly. The cost of the whole case could go into the millions just for one court case. So if you ever find yourself in the position on a murder jury, then please do the right thing.

Free Essays on Talented Or Opinionated

â€Å"The Talented or the Opinionated† Although the Japanese educational system meets the challenges of our everyday world, the American educational system tends to focus on free will, and expressing opinions pushing the children to exceed their creative limits. In her article â€Å"The Japanese and American Educational Methods,† Jane Korission states that most American high school students are underachievers, and are not pushed enough to reach their ultimate goals whereas, Japanese students have shown the best performance in all categories of the mathematics exams. â€Å"The entrance exams are a large part of the academic curriculum, but a stronger emphasis is place on preparing students to get used to living and working within a group-oriented society.† The Japanese system has an excellent curriculum, and although students might learn many things effectively, they get too much homework and will not have free time to enjoy themselves. In his article â€Å"About the Japanese Educational System,† Hans Lee explains that in America, though curriculum could not compare to Japan, American students have time to vent, and spend time with their friends after class because there is less homework. â€Å"Although there is a low crime rate in Japan because there are many strict rules these rules make the students stressful, so the number of teenager's suicide and juvenile delinquencies are rising.† The way of killing is also being cruel these days. Japanese education makes students learn many subjects and students are able to find something they like, but that is possible only at school. Students must study even after school, so they will not have time to increase their talents. On the contrary, American students have more time to express themselves because there are fewer subjects to study. There is too much free time after school in America so it is likely for the students to waste their times. However, this system allows the teachers to t... Free Essays on Talented Or Opinionated Free Essays on Talented Or Opinionated â€Å"The Talented or the Opinionated† Although the Japanese educational system meets the challenges of our everyday world, the American educational system tends to focus on free will, and expressing opinions pushing the children to exceed their creative limits. In her article â€Å"The Japanese and American Educational Methods,† Jane Korission states that most American high school students are underachievers, and are not pushed enough to reach their ultimate goals whereas, Japanese students have shown the best performance in all categories of the mathematics exams. â€Å"The entrance exams are a large part of the academic curriculum, but a stronger emphasis is place on preparing students to get used to living and working within a group-oriented society.† The Japanese system has an excellent curriculum, and although students might learn many things effectively, they get too much homework and will not have free time to enjoy themselves. In his article â€Å"About the Japanese Educational System,† Hans Lee explains that in America, though curriculum could not compare to Japan, American students have time to vent, and spend time with their friends after class because there is less homework. â€Å"Although there is a low crime rate in Japan because there are many strict rules these rules make the students stressful, so the number of teenager's suicide and juvenile delinquencies are rising.† The way of killing is also being cruel these days. Japanese education makes students learn many subjects and students are able to find something they like, but that is possible only at school. Students must study even after school, so they will not have time to increase their talents. On the contrary, American students have more time to express themselves because there are fewer subjects to study. There is too much free time after school in America so it is likely for the students to waste their times. However, this system allows the teachers to t...

Philosophy of Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy of Life - Essay Example This is based on the premise that all of us are equipped with an evolutionary drive, which instinctively prods us to do our best, because in this world, it is all about the survival of the fittest. If we do not do well, we may perish, and this keeps us on our feet from birth onwards, as we grow, and learn to support ourselves. If we choose the field to which we are best suited, and for which we have a passion, we live at our fullest, because the job satisfaction in this case is very high. Moreover, our chances of survival and success are heightened. If we succeed in our lives, we can live in the best conditions possible and offer the best opportunities to our offspring. To achieve success, it is also assumed that persistent hard work is the key. Hard work on the part of each of us ensures that the economy of the nation continues to grow and living conditions improve. If each of us does our job, and does it well while taking a pride in it, chances are that we flourish as a civilization. Those in the field of science and technology take us into our future, those who are in the art scene add aesthetic value to our lives, those in conservation protect our forests, those in political roles lead us well, doctors keep us healthy-- down to the cab driver and the cleaning woman; each of us has a real contribution to make. Also important in this regard is the assumption that the moral standards of society are followed. In order to survive as a community and a nation, it is essential that each and every one of us follows a distinct moral code, which enjoins that all earnings are the fruits of hard labour, and not gained through unfair means like cheating, forgery, robbery, extortion and so on. If people try to succeed by hook or by crook, crime levels will rise, and society may reach a point of breakdown. The person who works hard to earn an honest living contributes to the society , and is useful not only to his family but his nation as a whole, so this is the first good reason to support my philosophy of life. In developed countries, it is important that the citizens work hard to keep their economies growing, to educate their children so they can carry on the responsibilities of the previous generation, to make forays into science and technology, develop alternative energy resources, and improve living standards and health care for the nation as a whole. In developing nations it is even more important that the citizens work honestly and very hard, because they have a long way to go in order to achieve economic power. They need to find their favorite fields of work and do their job with a passion if they want to survive as a nation in this new century. Secondly, a lot of the disharmony, war and crime we see around us is because people are unfulfilled. Economic inequities lead to political instigation and social discontent. But in a society where everyone works hard for a living at a job they love well, and earns sufficient remuneration in exchange, less people are inclined to create trouble, because everyone is occupied and has no time for mischief; and they all know that any disturbance will jeopardize their current prosperity. And if a country as a whole prospers due to the efforts of its citizens, it is less likely to get into a war, which can only harm its interests and drain its

Jus 102 W-5 Short Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jus 102 W-5 Short Paper - Essay Example unity police may even indulge in the unethical act of slippery slope which refers to the deterioration of moral values held by police officers after they have been in the profession for a longer period of time (Caldero, 2014, p.145). 2. Police misconduct during undercover operations may take place because of two possible reasons. The first reason is that the police officer that has been hired for such operations had a defected character or was indulged in deviance before being hired (Hall, 2000, p.280). In order to eliminate this factor, the executives need to pay special attention to the background of the applicant while making employment related decisions. Secondly, undercover police officials work in a highly deviant environment. For example, they may have to work with drug dealers and corrupt politicians and this environment corrupts the police official. In order to avoid this source of police corruption, personality tests of police officers should be conducted to identify the strength or the weakness of the police officer to fall pray of deviant activities. 3. The factors that are involved in making decisions regarding the severity of sanctions that are needed to be levied on police officials for indulging in misconducts includes the severity of the misconduct as well as prior incidences of misconducts. If the severity is low and if the police official has been involved in misconduct for the first time then counseling as well as oral counseling that is documented in nature should be used. If the crime is very severe in nature or the police official is a repeat offender then a letter of reprimand should be issued (Colaprete, 2007, p.111). 4. In order to make a complaint regarding the misconduct of a police official and to carry out an investigation against the officials a citizen has to fill a form in which the citizens registers the complaint. After the form has been filled, the senior officer of the department has to analyze and identify the nature of the

Critical Context of law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Context of law - Case Study Example tax inspectorate. Mandox had purchased Bleak Hall when the property market was cheap. It is obvious that Mandox had purchased Bleak Hall as part of his investment plan. Bleak Hall belongs to Mandox although his wife, Muriel, uses it more often for political reasons. His wife, Muriel, and three daughters have judicially enforceable rights in the ownership, use and occupation of Bleak Hall. There is no mention of Muriel's and their daughters' rights anywhere concerning Bleak Hall. However, Muriel's status as Charles Mandox's wife gives her judicially enforceable rights. This could prove useful in case of any divorce claims, although there is no mention anywhere of Charles and Muriel contemplating divorce. Apart from Muriel and their children, no one else has any right or claim on Bleak Hall. Charles Mandok may spend much of his time taking drinks. However, he has sharp business sense. The possibility of anyone other than Muriel making any claim on Bleak Hall is remote. Mandok is too powerful and ruthless to tolerate any third party claims on Bleak Hall. However, Muriel makes good use of Bleak Hall. She sensed rightly that in the emotional vacuum of Bleak Hall she would encounter little opposition to her own designs. A political career, she adjudged, needed a prosperous backcloth. Bleak Hall was close to the residence of the then prime minister, Tony Blair. What additionally would Muriel Mandox need to have done or be able to demonstrate to show a legal or equitable interest in Bleak Hall Charles Mandox uses Muriel's paycheck to pay for the outgoings and maintenance of Bleak Hall. Muriel could have asked for co-ownership of Bleak Hall. Muriel is quick-tempered and Charles is ruthless. The couple has lived through to see three children, all daughters, although most of the children's time is spent with girls hired as childcare. Muriel is so caught up with her political career that she does not consider as necessary the need to spend time to talk with Charles Mandox about their property affairs. For a man of wealth like Charles Mandox, it is necessary to have property and financial affairs well sorted out to take care of any contingencies. Her background as a miner's daughter and traumatic home life did not breed in her the systematic and planned thinking of those used to sophistication. Her father had disappeared after having a bottle smashed on his head by her mother. Her socialist background and political proclivities aroused in her the grandiose prospects of career in politics. Her political life brought out her innate qualities of quick thinking that included brilliant albeit raw calculations. She had first joined the Conservative party and then switched over to the Labor. The first time Charles called her out on a date, she almost told him to go to hell. His persistence on dating her

Theories for Youth Gang Crime

Theories for Youth Gang Crime Reasons Why Teens Engage in Street Gang Related Crime Introduction The rapid increase of criminal gangs in the United States of America has been alarming in the recent past. It had been reported that these criminal gangs have been recruiting juveniles as members of the gang  (Howell, 2015). Due to this tremendous increase, there has become the need to address this issue critically and extensively. The issue of radicalization of the youth can also be addressed on this topic  (Howell, 2015). Most youths have enrolled themselves in these gangs for a couple of reasons such as the need for affiliation and peer pressure, weak social; control structures among others. The thirst of power for these youngsters can also be seen as a driving factor to the enrolment to this criminal gang. The gangs have structures that are determined by the ability and willingness to commit crimes  (Howell, 2015). These gangs are a major heat to the well-being of the people they operate around due to their actions of robbery, assaults and uncontrolled killings. Failure of the federal government to implement harsh laws on criminals bears all the blame for the increase in street gangs. Structure of gangs Most types of gangs form the general structure of the organized group.   The group members, as derived from the definition of a gang, are from a similar background and share a common interest  (Ratcliffe, 2016). The members of these groups are arranged in hierarchies which are determined by specific factors such as the ability to fight, physical structure, the willingness to commit crimes among others.   Most gangs operate informally having their leadership falling on whoever takes control. The structure depends on their primary size which in most times ranges from five to thousand  (Krohn & Eassey, 2015). The structure of gangs may also depend on the mission of the gang. It may have subgroups in itself that report to the main group. Research done by the federal board of investigations indicates that about thirty-three thousand criminal gangs operate in the United States of America. These gangs have been reported to enroll about 1.4 million members in the past fourteen years  (Ratcliffe, 2016). Another study by statistic brain found that about forty percent of the gangs in the US are below eighteen years of age. It further analyzed that about eight percent of the gang members are females. Large cities and their suburbs remains the hub of street gangs in the United States America having about forty-one and twenty-five percent respectively  (Phillips, 2015). Street gangs cost the government about one million dollars to establish the gang risk intervention program that was initiated in the Los Angeles school system Social control theory postulates that most people would commit crimes if not for the controls that the society puts on them  (Krohn & Eassey, 2015). In this case, most children will engage themselves in crimes since the society has less strict rules that guide the conduct of the children. The society may lack the fundamental structures that control the children such as the school. Due to this, the children are likely to be pulled by their peers to enter into crime and criminal related activities to so as to quench their thirst of affiliation  (Krohn & Eassey, 2015). The failure of the school to develop affirmative guidelines to control the behavior of the students can lead the students to crimes. Strain theory assumes that the society sets goals for the people to achieve. The people are guided by the societal values so as to achieve that target. When people fail to achieve the targets in the most moral ways, they use every means to make sure that they at least accomplish what the society expects regardless of the moral drive  (Krohn & Eassey, 2015). By so doing, they find themselves engaging in criminal acts. In most times most people who engage themselves in crimes do not like hard work and delayed gratification, therefore, thy look for a better and faster way of achieving their goal. Social disorganization theory postulates that a child’s physical and social environments are key factors that shape the behavior of the child. A society that has weak structures is likely to mold people who are weak in their morality. In this theory, the society a person lives in is held into account of the person’s choices  (Howell, 2015). A society that is characterized by poor schools, high rate of unemployment, and a mix of the residential and commercial property is likely to have many young people developing criminal behaviors. For example, a child living in a filthy environment will tend to have a behavior that leans towards crime while that who lives in a physically and morally clean environment is likely to have a behavior that leads the towards morality and deviance to crimes. Engaging in crimes violates the law. Gang violence is a threat to the social and economic welfare of the country. Gang violence drives away investors since they threaten investment. People who engage themselves in crimes are an economic liability to the society  (Krohn & Eassey, 2015). Also, the cost of incarcerating gang members is very high and strains the public finance for the federal government. The other problem of young people engaging in crimes is that they act as a threat to security. Young people are usually very energetic, and if engaged in criminal activities they can cause high insecurity to the lives of peoples and their property. Criminal gangs dissolve the societies’ values but acting in defiance of the set rules. The meaning of the laws set by the society is lessened by the criminal activities  (Krohn & Eassey, 2015). Criminal gangs tamper with the social order. They change the usual way of living and after that dismantle the already existing social structures. These gangs give teachers and the law enforcers a hard time during their correction. The social structures such as the school should be made stronger so as to prevent radicalization of the youth. They should have an elaborate structure of governance that offers strict rules and regulations to be used as a guidance tool for the conduct of the young children. Teachers, for example, should conduct themselves in a way that is worth copying by the children  (Howell, 2015). They should act as role models for the children to emulate and embrace their behavior. The school should have mechanisms that control the children behavior not only in the school environment but also in their entire interactions in the society at large. The federal government of the United States of America has set up the National gang intelligence center with the aim of curbing the growth of criminal gangs which have been reportedly increasing tremendously. The NGIC has the mandate to integrate the gang intelligence across the individual states and the local law enforcement agencies  (Ratcliffe, 2016). The center provides timely and accurate information by ensuring that it provides strategic analysis of intelligence. The The Transnational Anti-Gang task force has been established to curb the MS-13 and the 18th street gangs which are very popular in the United States. The mission of this force is to investigate interrupt and dismantle any of these transnational gangs  (Howell, 2015). This force operates as a team with the FBI. The government should also ensure that they initiate the safe neighborhood projects that will help in reporting crimes when the gangs start to form. This will help combat the criminal gangs from the grassroots. Recommendation Parents must be provided with the necessary education on how to spot the signs of aging associations of their children. They should also be taught on how to work with their children to make the value of the gangs seem less fashionable.   Families also need help to deal with their children who show aspects of deviance by joining street gangs  (Krohn & Eassey, 2015). The school also should put in place viable measures that will help in reducing the pressure for the children to join the street gangs. The school should provide the law enforcers with the right information on the development of gangs in the schools.it should also give accurate information on drugs to the students  (Phillips, 2015). The teachers should also teach the students on how to â€Å"say no† to drugs and other crimes. Conclusion As from the above statistics, street gangs are very dangerous and bring about extensive problems  (Howell, 2015). They are very critical, and they should be dealt with immediate effect because they get bigger and worse when they realize that there is no action being taken against them. Even after the efforts of the government, and the social structures to combat the gangs, the gangs have continued to grow tremendously in the United States of America  (Phillips, 2015). The above recommendation is believed to bring an amicable solution if put in place since they deal with the criminal gangs at the grassroots. References Howell, J. (2015). The history of street gangs in the United States: their origins and transformations. New York: Lexington Books. Krohn, M., & Eassey, J. (2015). Integrated theories of crime. The encyclopedia of theoretical criminology, 81-94. Phillips, S. (2015). The Gang-Drug Nexus: Violence, FBI Safe Streets Task Force. In New Approaches to Drug Policies. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. Ratcliffe, J. (2016). Intelligence-led policing. London, UK: Routledge.

Common Ground on the Abortion Issue Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive

Common Ground on the Abortion Issue      Ã‚   Is there some common ground which both the pro-choice proponents and the pro-life proponents would find palatable? Presently, the situation in the United States, nearly three decades after abortion became legal throughout the nation, seems to be at an impasse. Canada, presented with abortion (now on demand) throughout that nation four years earlier, has a similar situation. It is obvious that the issue of abortion will not just evaporate or go away. So where can both sides find a common ground for overcoming this seeming impasse?    The obvious fact is that the two sides remain completely polarized. There seems to be no middle ground, no chance for compromise. When one strips the issue to its bare bones, the reason for the lack of middle ground is only too obvious. This either is or is not a living human from conception. This living human either continues to live or is killed. It is obvious that this being can't be just a little human, or perhaps not human at one point and then human at another. He or she either is or is not. Just as simply there is either life or death. There is no middle ground.    Pro-abortion advocates, who call themselves pro-choice, are unwilling to concede any ground at all. Would they allow passage of laws in either nation forbidding abortion in the third trimester for sex selection, to pick an extreme position? No! they have fought any such attempt. Would true blue pro-lifers, if they had their choice, allow abortion for pregnancy resultant from assault rape and incest, or for pregnancies when the developing baby is severely handicapped? No, they might be forced into this as a political compromise, and as a temporary measure. But ethically ... ...ernatives to abortion, adoption being an alternative par excellence? Why can't we cooperate in giving her all the information there is to be given from both sides of this controversial issue? Why not fully informed consent? Give her all the reasons for abortion, but also give her all the reasons for waiting, and most emphatically offer to her all of the constructive alternatives that now exist. If our laws continue to dictate that she be given that choice of life or death for her unborn, at the very least that choice should be a fully informed one. It should not just be informed in terms of technical information. No, it should also be a choice that is made in view of the fact that there is a warm and loving alternative to the technical quick fix of abortion. WORKS CITED: Index of Leading Cultural Indicators. Empower America. William J. Bennett.   

Stems Cells And Regenerative Dentistry Health And Social Care Essay

With root cell therapy scientists hope to bring around diseases and replace damaged tissues and variety meats in the human organic structure. Stem cell research for the possible application of cell based therapy in dental medicine has incited a considerable sum of exhilaration. At present dentitions can merely be replaced with conventional prosthetic device such as removable or fixed dental prosthetic device and implants. Some initial success utilizing dental root cells in vitro every bit good as in vivo animate being theoretical accounts promises a sensible hereafter for the curative usage of root cells in regenerative dental medicine [ 1 ] . In my findings I have explored two types of human root cells in relation to regenerative dental medicine. They are human dental root cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ( iPSCs ) . The intent of my research was to find what root cells are and its place in regenerative dental medicine. Keywords: Regenerative dental medicine, tissue technology, root cells, dental root cells, induced pluripotent root cells.Stem cellsThere are soon three types of human root cells used in biomedical research, Human Embryonic Stem Cells ( hESCs ) , Adult ( Somatic ) Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem cells ( iPSCs ) . Stem cells are unspecialized cells found in the organic structure that give rise to specialized cells of a specific tissue type. They can split and self-renew for indefinite periods throughout the life-time of an being. They are capable of asymmetrical division into farther root cells and symmetrical division into committed primogenitor cells. They are classified harmonizing to their possible to distinguish which is totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent. In the early phases of human development, the fertilised egg known as the Zygote is considered to be totipotent ( Latin: totus significance full and potens intending power ) . It has the possible to give rise to an full being including the extra-embryonic tissue of the placenta and umbilical cord. During the blastodermic vessicle phase of embryogenesis, the cells found in the inner cell mass are known as Embryonic Stem Cells ( ESC ‘s ) . ESC ‘s are capable of giving rise to all three sources beds in the human organic structure and are later responsible for coevals of all tissues and variety meats, excepting extra-embryonic tissues. ESC ‘s are considered pluripotent ( Latin: plurimus intending really many, potens intending power ) . Adult ( Somatic ) Stem Cells ( ASCs ) are theoretically present in every type of tissue, found in a root cell niche [ 1, 9 ] . In grownups, root cells serve as an internal fix system to refill and replace damaged cells in tissues and variety meats. Bodily Stem cells are somewhat more specialized than ESCs as they can largely distinguish into the cell types of the tissue in which they reside. ASCs are hence considered multipotent. Due to rapid new f inds in Stem Cell Science, scientists have introduced a 3rd type of human root cells known as Induced Pluripotent Stem cells ( iPSCs ) . IPSCs are bodily cells that are genetically manipulated to presume an embryologic root cell like province. They express the pluripotency potency of embryologic root cells. This successfully circumvents ethical issues environing the usage of ESC ‘s, therefore progressing the pertinence of root cells in regenerative medical specialty [ 4, 5 ] .Figure 1Diagram picturing ESCs, which through immunosurgery is derived from a 3-5 twenty-four hours preimplantation embryo known as a blastodermic vessicleTissue technology and DentistryTissue technology is the interdisciplinary field of medical pattern that applies the rules of biomedical scientific discipline to reparative medical specialty. In regenerative dental medicine, two types of tissue technology have been described. The first is conventional tissue technology for regeneration of dental tissue u tilizing mesenchymal cells in vitro. The 2nd is whole tooth regeneration utilizing mesenchymal cells and dental epithelial tissue in vivo [ 1 ] . The footing of whole dentition or single dental tissue regeneration is dependent on the acquisition of suited root cells and suited environmental conditions.Figure 2Diagram picturing the construct of utilizing a tissue technology attack to make new mush tissue and let for completion of the perpendicular and sidelong root formation in a immature tooth that had mush mortification induced by injury [ 2 ] .Stem cells in clinical dental medicineIn order to understand the pertinence of root cells in regenerative dental medicine, a clear apprehension of the procedures of embryogenesis and odontogenesis ( tooth development ) is indispensable. The cells involved in odontogenesis are of ectomesenchymal beginning. During embryogenesis, the nervous crest cells arising from the exoderm of the nervous tubing and mesenchymal cells arising from paraxial m esoblast interact to organize the enamel organ and dental papilla. The enamel organ is the lone organ of epithelial beginning involved in odontogenesis. All other constructions of a tooth are of mesenchymal beginning. During odontogenesis distinction occurs through cell communicating. This is done via signalling molecules and growing factors. A tooth has two anatomical parts ; the Crown covered with enamel exposed in the oral cavity and the root which is embedded in the jaw. Around the tooth the periodontic ligament attaches the cementum to the difficult sheet of the alveolar bone [ 1, 2 ] . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jopdentonline.org/na101/home/literatum/publisher/pinnacle/journals/content/odnt/2006/15592863-31.6/06-000/production/images/large/i1559-2863-31-6-633-f05.jpeg Figure 3 [ 2 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jopdentonline.org/na101/home/literatum/publisher/pinnacle/journals/content/odnt/2006/15592863-31.6/06-000/production/images/medium/i1559-2863-31-6-633-f01.jpg Diagram picturing the molecular signaling XT between 2 cellsDental Stem cellsThe tissues of a tooth are enamel, dentin, cementum and mush. With the exclusion of the ameloblasts progenitor cells which give rise to enamel, all root cells involved in odontogenesis are of mesenchymal beginning. Dental root cells are bodily root cells. Information on human embryologic alveolar consonant root cells is non yet available [ 1 ] . Dental mush root cells ( DPSCs ) can be derived from dental mush. Dental mush can be obtained from 3rd grinders or pulpectomised dentitions. In odontogenesis dental follicle plays a major function in the development of cementum, periodontic ligament and alveolar bone. Dental follicle root cells ( DFSCs ) can be obtained from wedged 3rd grinders. Periodontic Ligament root cells ( PDLSCs ) can be derived from the roots of extracted dentitions. PDL which suspends the tooth in its air sac contains stem cells that can give rise to cementum and ligament. Stem cells from the apical portion of the papilla ( SCAPs ) are precursors of the dental mush. SCAPs are gettable from wedged 3rd grinders. Stem cells from human deciduous dentitions ( SHEDs ) can easy be obtained from the coronal mush of exfoliated deciduous dentitions. The easy handiness of mesenchymal dent al root cells makes them a suited campaigner for cell based therapies in dental medicine. Their high proliferative capacity and potency to distinguish into cementoblasts, odontoblasts, PDL primogenitors, bone-forming cells and assorted other cells implicated in odontogenesis, promises a prospective hereafter for dental root cells in clinical dental medicine. Soon the application of root cells in clinical dental medicine is hindered by many ‘roadblocks ‘ such as ill-timed eruption of dentitions, morphology of the generated tooth and most significantly the current impossibleness of renewing human dental enamel [ 1 ] .Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ( iPSCs ) and orodental diseasesApart from ethical quandary that have long surrounded the derivation of human ESC ‘s from developing embryos, its immunoincompatability for usage in developing disease-specific iPSC lines in vitro from patients has besides impeded its application in regenerative medical specialty. Throu gh coincident overexpression of certain cistrons, iPSC lines can be produced in vitro utilizing assorted human cells. After derivation, iPSCs undergo word picture techniques and teratoma checks. Successful iPSC lines can be equated to hESC ‘s in proliferative and developmental possible [ 4, 5, 10, 11 ] . The recent promotions in IPS engineering have brought its application to the head of biomedical research. Previously iPSC ‘s were genetically manipulated through the usage of viruses and episomal vectors for genomic integrating. This methodological analysis proved inefficient. Since so new methods have been introduced to deduce iPSC ‘s free of vector and transgene DNA. With the usage of man-made messenger RNA to bring on pluripotency and distinction, scientists are able to accomplish cellular reprogramming by pull stringsing the whole genome system instead than a little set of maestro cistrons. When biochemically coaxed, iPSC lines are able to distinguish into cell types of assorted diseases. The ability to animate disease specific root cells from givers, whose genome is present, makes disease patterning more dependable. This allows for a better apprehension of the pathogeneses of diseases and its variableness amongst patients. The ability to carry on drug proving on huma n disease-models will besides progress the efficaciousness of toxicity trials and farther drug development. Some disease-specific iPSC lines have already provided a deeper apprehension of disease complexness and mechanisms. The possibility of utilizing iPSCs to handle orodental diseases could be a powerful curative tool in clinical dental medicine [ 4, 5 ] .DecisionThe usage of root cells in regenerative dental medicine is still in its pre-clinical stage as at that place many hurdlings yet to get the better of. The current impossibleness of renewing ameloblasts primogenitor cells to bring forth enamel is amongst the many obstructions impeding whole tooth regeneration. However, the possibility of animating autologous dental primogenitor cells and tissues in vitro holds a promising hereafter for alveolar consonant cell based therapies. The usage of IPS engineering in dental medicine is a new construct, although its application in making disease specific lines and perchance reprogrammi ng familial orodental diseases will surely profit the hereafter of clinical dental medicine. The successful usage of root cell scientific discipline in regenerative dental medicine will surely guarantee that the twenty-first century tooth doctor plays a critical function in the field of regenerative medical specialty [ 4 ] .Methods of researchThe literature used to carry on this research was obtained from Medical Journal Publishing websites. This included PubMed and the National Institutes of Health. Additional beginnings included correspondence from the Director of the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology ( ICGEB ) , every bit good as a Postgraduate pupil in Developmental Biology. For instruction and a deeper apprehension of Cell biological science, DNA, chromosomes and viruses to understand root cell scientific discipline the Khan Academy was used.

The Largest Scandal In Corporate History Accounting Essay Example

The Largest Scandal In Corporate History Accounting Essay Example The Largest Scandal In Corporate History Accounting Essay The Largest Scandal In Corporate History Accounting Essay The autumn of Enron Corporation in early 2002 shortly after it was named as the America s most advanced company from 1996 to 2001 by Fortune magazine, was a immense bankruptcy instance that took topographic point in the American history, and its stock monetary value had plummeted near to zero. after that it is Enron is known as a greed and fraud. Enron was the operating in Energy sector and subsequently he expanded his concern in to assorted field such as natural gas and electricity operation and gas grapevine web.[ 2 ]The ground for the ruin of Enron was the usage of the specific purpose entities ( SPV s ) to prosecute in off balance sheet activities, Enron fundamentally used the SPV s to pull strings fiscal consequences.[ 3 ] Enron s beginnings day of the month back to 1985 when it began life as an interstate grapevine company throughA the amalgamation with Houston Natural Gas and Omaha-based Intermonth. Kenneth Lay, the main executive officerA of Houston natural gas, A was the president. From the grapevine sector, Enron began traveling into new Fieldss. In 1999, the company launched its broadband services unit and Enron Online, the company s web site for trading trade goods, which shortly became the largest concern site in the universe. About 90 per cent of its incomeA finally came from trades over Enron Online. Growth for Enron was rapid.A In 2000, the company s one-year gross reachedA $ 100 billion US. ItA ranked as the seventh-largest company on the Fortune. The company s stock monetary value peaked at $ 90 US. However, clefts began to look in 2001. In August of that twelvemonth, Jeffrey Skilling, a driving force in Enron s revamp and the company s Chief executive officer of six months, announced his going. In 2001, Enron reported a loss of $ 618 million, its first quarterly loss in four old ages, and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission launched an probe into investing partnerships led by Fastow. That probe would later demo that a complex web of partnerships was designed to conceal Enron s debt. By late November, the company s stock was down to less than $ 1 US. Investors had lost one million millions of dollars.[ 4 ] Enron grew so quickly widening their concern to up to 22, 000 employees, in assorted industries.[ 5 ]Company engaged in to a batch of concern, for which it required a immense sum of money for gas and oil concern and for that they utilised the particular purpose entities, which was a immense move.[ 6 ]Enron had an upper manus into traveling in a batch of other concern because it was already involved in the gas and oil concern, the company know a batch more than the other rivals.[ 7 ] Enron s ruin in the 2001, as because of these issues, luck concern magazine foremost raises the inquiry How, precisely, does Enron do its money? Enron employee, sherron Watkins, meets Lay to alarm him to her concerns about dodgy finance and accounting patterns at the house. However in, October Enron shocks the markets by denoting a $ 638m loss for the past three month, and write-downs deserving $ 1.2bn ; three yearss subsequently the US stock market watchdog launches an enquiry into Enron s fundss. A hebdomad subsequently Fastow is sacked. Enron agrees to be bought by rival house Dynegy. Shortly thenceforth Enron announces even further losingss. As Enron s portion monetary value falls below $ 1, Dynegy breaks off the coup detat negotiations and in December, Enron declares itself belly-up.[ 8 ]Enron was considered insolvent, after that a batch of inquiries raised, that whether the portions were overpriced.[ 9 ] After the thaw down of the portions it was declared one of the biggest bankruptcies and many fiscal experts had a batch of review to it, `Deakin stated that the ground for the failure can be the accounting methods the struggle among the senior direction, fiscal norms, misreporting of fiscal histories, badly damaged the market assurance and the utmost variegation of concern were some of the factors which led to the company being insolvents.[ 10 ] The grounds for the down autumn can be considered to be the accounting method, `Fusaro and miller` , stated that the fiscal establishments have got into problem when they have misinterpretated the figures generated by grade to pattern mechanism, by reading the values as existent monetary value from the bing market. Enron made the same error, and a peculiar point when their net income started to fall, they even manipulated the theoretical account in a thrust to make a positive image for the company and their earning.[ 11 ]Another error can be the SPE where there were structured in such a manner that the operated as off balance sheet points.[ 12 ]Internal disciplinary issues were of a concern that the employee s had insecurity about their occupations and traveling into so many Fieldss at the same clip and off from company s aims was besides one of the factors that led to Enron ruin. After that assorted ordinance were made within the US and UK, which shall be discussed in the following portion nevertheless the Enron ruin could be that the increased usage of the information engineering and the growing of operational complexness were noticed because of the market competition, and keep a adherent is a challenge for all the industries. `John argues that the compensation bundles granted to Enron s top executives gave them highly high-octane inducements to concentrate on the portion monetary value. This contributed to their willingness to misstate the fiscal personal businesss of the company so as to delight analysts and investors. `Skeel comparisons this with the behavior of errant executives argues that in each instance, the jobs were caused by a combination of a civilization in which risk-taking by executives was linked to honor with inordinate competition. These encouraged directors to take ever-increasing gambles.[ 13 ]However these factors led to the ruin of the Enron Company. Measure the alterations in Torahs which were implemented in the US after this dirt. Are at that place tantamount executions in the UK? The Enron instance was the biggest in a series of dirts that damaged the repute of corporate America. As a direct consequence the US Congress passed a tough new jurisprudence, called Sarbanes-Oxley, which imposed stricter regulations on hearers and made corporate managers reprehensively apt for lying about their histories.[ 14 ]The ground for the reform was to reconstruct the public assurance on the stock markets which was affected by the Enron dirt, which enhanced the independent operation ability of the managers and hearers which could aline managerial operations to the best involvement of their stockholders.[ 15 ] There have been a batch of alterations made in the US ordinance after the Enron ruin, a few of the alterations were the of import 1s, new demand to hold the audit commission which should include a fiscal expert, hearers which comprise of managers, periodic studies on the company operation, internal effectual control, demand of corporate attorneies to describe any suspected force of security, prohibition on giving directors and managers company loans and limitations on stock gross revenues by executives during certain black out period.[ 16 ] S ( 301 ) of SOX Act[ 17 ], it directs the national security exchange, to forbid the listing of any company that does non put in an audit commission. S ( 202 ) SOX Act[ 18 ], nevertheless, requires the audit commission to pre O.K. all audit and most non-audit services. S ( 203 ) of SOX Act provides that most accounting houses may non supply audit services to a publically traded company, normally referred to as an issuer, if the lead audit spouse or the reexamining audit spouse has performed audit services for the issuer in each of the issuer s old five financial old ages.[ 19 ]S ( 302 ) of SOX Act[ 20 ], Management appraisal of revelation controls, revelation of information to the SEC. S ( 402 ) SOX Act, states direction appraisal of internal controls over fiscal coverage.[ 21 ] The Sarbanes Oxley promises a long term benefit investors will confront lower hazard of losingss from fraud and larceny, mere dependable fiscal study, greater transparence and answerability. The economic system will profit because better allotment of resort and faster growing.[ 22 ]These and similar suggestions are frequently reflected in the treatment about new Torahs and in the concluding legal model itself. The prostration of Enron influenced policies related to corporate administration in many states, but the strongest and quickest reactions were in the USA and the UK. Morrison ( 2004 ) summarizes the chief US legal responses. In the USA, corporate administration is regulated by several governments. Corporations are capable to federal statute law, SEC regulations and province Torahs. The most comprehensive reform of corporate administration jurisprudence since the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 was the Sarbanes-Oxley Corporate Reform Act of 2002 ( SOA ) .As Morrison ( 2004 ) notes, SOA is non a new codification of corporate administration, but instead a set of statutory reforms refering fiscal controls, scrutinizing and accounting. In a nutshell, most of the commissariats of SOA concern the independency of members of the audit commission, on hearers executing certain types of non-audit work, a alteration of accounting criterions for debts of particular purpose entities, the revelation of off-balance sheet minutess and the protection of alleged whistle blowers[ 23 ].By contrast the UK the fiscal coverage reappraisal panel will be granted powers under the companies ( audit probe and community enterprise Act 2004 to necessitate the companies officer and employees to supply the information it needs to transport on with the probe into the company, the secretary of the province has greater power to direct a supervisory organic structure.[ 24 ] Harmonizing to SOA, the CEO and the CFO must besides attest one-year studies, and may confront condemnable punishments in instances of foolhardy enfranchisement. SOA besides prohibits personal loans to managers and disgorges incentive-based compensations and stock gross revenues net incomes if histories are overstated. It besides requires senior fiscal officers to unwrap their corporate codification of moralss.[ 25 ]Under the UK jurisprudence 2004 Act, the secretary of the province can necessitate more elaborate revelation by the listed companies of the audit and non audit services provided by their hearer and with respects to the loan under the S ( 330 ) of 1985 Act, UK jurisprudence restricts loans to managers and individual connected with them, whereas the US jurisprudence extends to senior executive officer who are non board member, nevertheless the US jurisprudence does non hold so many exclusions.[ 26 ] There is an ability of the SEC to forbid the individuals from functioning as a manager nevertheless under the UK jurisprudence there is Director Disqualification Act ( 1986 ) which has similar powers. There are nevertheless steps from Independence of audit commission and their effectivity and under the UK really similar commissariats can be seen under the combined codification and Smith Guidance. Critics besides objected that the Higgs Report recommendations could ensue in the application a One-size-fits-all templet to companies that are in kernel different. However, sing the comply or explain rule maintained by the Higgs Report, this expostulation could be dismissed because it is after all up to the companies to convincingly explicate to the Shareholders their divergences from the Combined Code. In September 2002, another group chaired by Sir Robert Smith was set up to reexamine and develop regulations for audit commissions to be included in the Combined Code. Based on both the Hi ggs Report and the Smith Report, the UK authorities delegated the Financial Reporting Council to take the studies recommendations into history when outlining the new Combined Code.[ 27 ] The first demand demands greater answerability of top direction, as recommended by stakeholder theoreticians, while the undermentioned two could be seen as alterations of the original stockholder model.SOA does non turn to the job of independent board managers, per Se. Neither does modulate equity-based compensation. These issues are nevertheless dealt with in the updated 2002 NYSE Listing Standards. Harmonizing to which, the bulk of the board should non hold any stuff relationship with the company, former employees of the company and its hearer must wait five old ages before functioning on the board, the audit commission must hold exclusive duty for engaging the audit house and stockholders must O.K. all share-based compensation. Dewing and Russell ( 2003 ) sum up the legal responses to Enron and similar dirts in the UK. Long before Enron s death, the Cadbury Report of 1992 was the first ad hoc survey that reacted to the lifting importance of corporate administration. Its findings were incorporated in the alleged Combined Code. In 2002, Derek Higgs was chosen by the UK authorities to reexamine the function and effectivity of non-executive managers. The Higgs Report maintained the comply or explain rule established by the Cadbury Report. Furthermore, Dewing and Russell ( 2003 ) see the followers as the most controversial, a senior independent manager should be identified, at least half of the members of the board should be independent non-executive managers ; the senior independent manager should go to a sufficient figure of the regular meetings of direction with major stockholders to develop a balanced apprehension of the subjects, issues and concerns of stockholders.[ 28 ] The UK has implemented alterations after the US act and they have been, the purpose for manager to supply hearer with right information. The new governments were set out in the Companies Audit Investigations and Community Enterprise Act ( 2004 ) , which ensures to hold more rigorous security steps in the truth of the records and that the managers need to supply the right information to the hearer if they do it negligently in that instance they can fined or imprisoned, another major alteration that could hold been seen was that the authorities could look into the company s record, nevertheless companies are obliged to guarantee control and efficiency over the process by these company jurisprudence process.[ 29 ] These recommendations aimed to better the board s liberty, make the determination doing procedure more transparent, and prevent struggles of involvement. One of the chief unfavorable judgment was that the restraint that half the board members be non-executive managers could forestall the publicity of gifted executives, and consequence in cumbersome boards and poorer company public presentation.[ 30 ] Wordss: 2550 BIBLOGRAPHY Books: Eilis Ferran, Principles of corporate Finance jurisprudence , Third edition, Oxford University Press ( 2008 ) Fusaro, P. C. and Miller, R. M. ( 2002 ) What Went Wrong at ENRON: Everyone s usher to the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history ( First Edition ) . New Jersey, John Wiley A ; Sons, Inc Fox, L. ( 2003 ) ENRON The Rise and autumn ( First Edition ) . New Jersey, John Wiley A ; Sons, Inc Deakin, S. and Konzelmann, S. J. ( 2004 ) Corporate Administration: Learning from Enron . Vol 12 Issue 2, Pages 134 142. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing Ltd Matthew J. Barret, Enron and Andersen-What Went Wrong and Why Similar Audited account Failures Could Happen Again , ENRON: Corporate FIASCOS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS, pp. 155-168, Foundation Press 2004 Journal: Paul M. Healy and Krishna G. Palepu, The Fall of Enron , vol 17, No 2, spring ( 2003 ) P 3-26, Journal of economic position Palepu, K. G. and Healy, P. M. ( 2003 ) Negotiation, Organizations and Markets Research Papers The Fall of Enron . Journal of Economics Perspectives, Volume 17, Number 2. ( Spring 2003 ) , Armour, J. and McCahery, J.A. ( 2006 ) After Enron: Bettering Corporate Law and Modernizing Securities Regulation in Europe and the US . Working Paper No. 2006-07. Amsterdam Centre for Law A ; Economicss John C.Coates, `The Goal and promise of Sarbanes- Oxley Act , The Journal Of Economic Perspective, vol 21, No 1 ( 2007 Jan Zika IES FSV UK , Corporate administration after Enron: recommendation and legal responses , Corporate Governance Term paper 2005/2006 Web site: CBC intelligence: The rise and autumn of Enron lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cbc.ca/news/business/story/2006/05/25/enron-bkgd.html gt ; BBC News: Timeline: Enron s rise and autumn hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5018176.stm [ online ] BBC News: Business ( 2002 ) Timeline: Enron s rise and autumn [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk The BBC News: : The Q A ; A: Enron Case [ online ] www.BBC.co.uk Out-Law.com, UK version of Sarbanes-Oxley in force today , hypertext transfer protocol: //www.out-law.com/page-5505 Adam Dowdney, ` Corporate administration in the UK A ; US hypertext transfer protocol: //www.taglaw.com/index.php? option=com_content A ; view=article A ; id=497: corporate-governance-in-the-uk-a-us A ; catid=131: specialty-group-information-archives A ; Itemid=100016 gt ;

U.S. Southwests Colorado River (Geography and More)

U.S. Southwest's Colorado River (Geography and More) The Colorado River (map) is a very large river located in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. The states it runs through include Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, California, Baja California and Sonora. It is approximately 1,450 miles (2,334 km) in length and it drains an area of about 246,000 square miles (637,000 sq km). The Colorado River is important historically and it is also a major source of water and electrical power for millions of people in the areas in which it drains. Source: La Poudre Pass Lake, Rocky Mountain National Park, ColoradoSource Elevation: 10,175 feet (3,101 m)Mouth: Gulf of California, MexicoLength: 1,450 miles (2,334 km)River Basin Area: 246,000 square miles (637,000 sq km) Course of the Colorado River The headwaters of the Colorado River begin at La Poudre Pass Lake in Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado. The elevation of this lake is approximately 9,000 feet (2,750 m). This is a significant point in the geography of the United States because it is where the Continental Divide meets the Colorado River drainage basin. As the Colorado River begins to descend in elevation and flow to the west, it flows into Grand Lake in Colorado. After descending further, the river then enters several reservoirs and finally flows out to where it parallels U.S. Highway 40, joins several of its tributaries and then parallels U.S. Interstate 70 for a short time. Once the Colorado River meets the U.S. southwest, it begins to meet several more dams and reservoirs- the first of which is the Glen Canyon Dam which forms Lake Powell in Arizona. From there, the Colorado River begins to flow through massive canyons which it helped carve millions of years ago. Among these is the 217 mile (349 km) long Grand Canyon. After flowing through the Grand Canyon, the Colorado River meets the Virgin River (one of its tributaries) in Nevada and flows into Lake Mead after being blocked by the Hoover Dam at the Nevada/Arizona border. After flowing through the Hoover Dam, the Colorado River continues its course toward the Pacific through several more dams, including the Davis, Parker and Palo Verde Dams. It then flows into the Coachella and Imperial Valleys in California and finally into its delta in Mexico. It should be noted, however, that the Colorado River delta, while once rich marshland, is today mainly dry aside from exceptionally wet years due to the removal of water upstream for irrigation and city uses. Human History of the Colorado River Humans have inhabited the Colorado River basin for thousands of years. Early nomadic hunters and Native Americans have left artifacts throughout the area. For example, the Anasazi began living in Chaco Canyon at around 200 B.C.E. Native American civilizations grew to their peak from 600 to 900 C.E. but they began to decline after that, likely due to drought. The Colorado River was first noted in historic documents in 1539 when Francisco de Ulloa sailed upstream from the Gulf of California. Shortly thereafter, several attempts were made by various explorers to sail farther upstream. Throughout the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, a variety of maps showing the river were drawn but they all had different names and courses for it. The first map using the name Colorado appeared in 1743. Throughout the late 1800s and into the 1900s, several expeditions to explore and accurately map the Colorado River took place. In addition from 1836 to 1921, the Colorado River was called the Grand River from its source in Rocky Mountain National Park to its confluence with the Green River in Utah. In 1859 a U.S. Army topographic expedition led by John Macomb occurred, during which he precisely located the confluence of the Green and Grand Rivers and declared it the source of the Colorado River. In 1921, the Grand River was renamed the Colorado River and since then the river has included all of its present-day area. Dams of the Colorado River The modern history of the Colorado River consists mainly of managing its water for municipal uses and to prevent flooding. This came as a result of a flood in 1904. In that year, the rivers water broke through a diversion canal near Yuma, Arizona. This created the New and Alamo Rivers and eventually flooded the Salton Sink, forming the Coachella Valleys Salton Sea. In 1907 however, a dam was built to return the river to its natural course. Since 1907, several more dams have been constructed along the Colorado River and it has grown into a major source of water for irrigation and municipal uses. In 1922, the states in the Colorado River basin signed the Colorado River Compact which governed each states rights to the rivers water and set specific annual allotments of what could be taken. Shortly after the signing of the Colorado River Compact, the Hoover Dam was constructed to provide water for irrigation, manage flooding and generate electricity. Other large dams along the Colorado River include the Glen Canyon Dam as well as the Parker, Davis, Palo Verde and Imperial Dams. In addition to these large dams, some cities have aqueducts running to the Colorado River to further aid in maintaining their water supplies. These cities include Phoenix and Tucson, Arizona, Las Vegas, Nevada, and Los Angeles, San Bernardino and San Diego California. To learn more about the Colorado River, visit DesertUSA.com and the Lower Colorado River Authority.​

Jealous Husband Returns in the Form of a Parrot Essay - 1

Jealous Husband Returns in the Form of a Parrot - Essay Example His inner frustration is vented out when he says, ‘I flap my wings and I squawk and I fluff up and I slick down and I throw seed and I attack that dangly toy as if it was the guy's balls’ (Butler). However, it merely increases his frustration for the result is merely a deeper realization of his tragic reality: ‘†¦ it does no good. It never did any good in the other life either, the thrashing around I did by myself’ (Butler). The writer, therefore, revolves the story and the narration around this inner conflict felt by the parrot, who has no choice now but to see other men visiting his wife in what used to be his home. Robert Olen Butler, in fact, adds to the agony of the parrot/jealous husband through the constructed set of the play. The narrator returns to his home when he is bought by his wife and is incarcerated in a cage. The entire setting of the story then takes place within the house, that once used to be the home of this jealous husband. However, the irony of the situation is that the position of his cage is such that he is only able to see part of the bedroom. He can see every man enter and exit his house but can not see any activity that takes place in the bedroom, which adds to his frustration and his curiosity. The narrator expresses his frustration, explaining: ‘When she keeps the bedroom door open I can see the space at the foot of the bed but not the bed itself. That I can sense to the left, just out of sight. I watch the men go in and I hear the sounds but I can't quite see. And they drive me crazy’ (Butler). These frustrations and the inner conflict of the narrator are cleverly portrayed by the writer, for he not only uses the point of view of the parrot but also gives a humanistic element to the narration. While the parrot has all the qualities and limitations of a bird, the narration of the parrot is altogether human.  Ã‚  

IBM in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IBM in China - Essay Example However, the process of manufacture of many of these parts contribute to pollution since they use CFCs and require high levels of power and cooling at datacenters, all of which have exacerbated greenhouse gas emissions and China’s increased energy use. China is a country where three decades of a communist regime have been followed by 25 years of â€Å"quasi-capitalism†, creating unrestrained economic and industrial growth and development, which have contributed heavily to pollution – China consumes 14.2% of the world’s energy and 70% of its rivers and lakes are heavily polluted. Some experts have contended that globalization impacts adversely upon the environment, since countries are forced to lower their production costs by neglecting to enact laws to preserve the environment and multinationals have the tendency to locate their polluting facilities in countries where environmental controls may be lax. In China, State environmental protection agencies are understaffed and are not equipped to cope with the burgeoning pollution levels in the country. Latest trends in China indicate that there is a growing antipathy in China against foreign investors, since it is the prevailing opinion that foreign investors use inexpensive Chinese labor and excessive amounts of energy to pollute the environment, then condemn the country for pollution and for producing cheap goods. Within China, IBM has recently been purchased by a Chinese Company Lenovo and with growing levels of fair competition within China, privatization is being encouraged. The switch to Lenovo could help IBM to tackle the stiff competition it is facing from other companies like dell and HP in the Asian region.